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<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&amp;=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;=</code>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">Precedence and associativity</strong>
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<p>The following table lists the precedence and associativity of C++ operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. 
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr>
<th style="text-align: left"> Precedence
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Operator
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Description
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Associativity
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 1
</th>
<td> <code>::</code>
</td>
<td> Scope resolution
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="6"> Left-to-right
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="5"> 2
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>++</code>   <code>--</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Suffix/postfix increment and decrement
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>()</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Function call
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>[]</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Array subscripting
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>.</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Element selection by reference
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>-&gt;</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Element selection through pointer
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="9"> 3
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>++</code>   <code>--</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Prefix increment and decrement
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="9"> Right-to-left
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>+</code>   <code>-</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Unary plus and minus
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>!</code>   <code>~</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Logical NOT and bitwise NOT
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>(<i>type</i>)</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Type cast
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>*</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Indirection (dereference)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>&amp;</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Address-of
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>sizeof</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Size-of
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>new</code>, <code>new[]</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Dynamic memory allocation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <code>delete</code>, <code>delete[]</code>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> Dynamic memory deallocation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 4
</th>
<td> <code>.*</code>   <code>-&gt;*</code>
</td>
<td> Pointer to member
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="12"> Left-to-right
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 5
</th>
<td> <code>*</code>   <code>/</code>   <code>%</code>
</td>
<td> Multiplication, division, and remainder
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 6
</th>
<td> <code>+</code>   <code>-</code>
</td>
<td> Addition and subtraction
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 7
</th>
<td> <code>&lt;&lt;</code>   <code>&gt;&gt;</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise left shift and right shift
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> 8
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>&lt;</code>   <code>&lt;=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> For relational operators &lt; and ≤ respectively
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <code>&gt;</code>   <code>&gt;=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> For relational operators &gt; and ≥ respectively
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 9
</th>
<td> <code>==</code>   <code>!=</code>
</td>
<td> For relational = and ≠ respectively
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 10
</th>
<td> <code>&amp;</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise AND
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 11
</th>
<td> <code>^</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 12
</th>
<td> <code>|</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise OR (inclusive or)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 13
</th>
<td> <code>&amp;&amp;</code>
</td>
<td> Logical AND
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 14
</th>
<td> <code>||</code>
</td>
<td> Logical OR
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="6"> 15
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>?:</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Ternary conditional<sup>[1]</sup>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="7"> Right-to-left
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Direct assignment (provided by default for C++ classes)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>+=</code>   <code>-=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Assignment by sum and difference
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>*=</code>   <code>/=</code>   <code>%=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Assignment by product, quotient, and remainder
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>&lt;&lt;=</code>   <code>&gt;&gt;=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Assignment by bitwise left shift and right shift
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <code>&amp;=</code>   <code>^=</code>   <code>|=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> Assignment by bitwise AND, XOR, and OR
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 16
</th>
<td> <code>throw</code>
</td>
<td> Throw operator (for exceptions)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> 17
</th>
<td> <code>,</code>
</td>
<td> Comma
</td>
<td> Left-to-right
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>[1]The expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between <code><b>?</b></code> and <code><b>:</b></code>) is parsed as if parenthesized: its precedence relative to <code>?:</code> is ignored.
</p>
<p>When parsing an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be bound tighter (as if by parentheses) to its arguments than any operator that is listed on a row further below it. For example, the expressions <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1439">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span>a<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>b</span></span> and  <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> are parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1439">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span>b</span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span>p<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, and not as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/basic_ostream.html"><span class="kw1439">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>b<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span>.
</p>
<p>Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are evaluated with the same precedence, in the given direction. For example, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="sy1">=</span>b<span class="sy1">=</span>c</span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>b<span class="sy1">=</span>c<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, and not as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy1">=</span>b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy1">=</span>c</span></span> because of right-to-left associativity.
</p>
<p>Operator precedence is unaffected by <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">operator overloading</a>.
</p>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span>
</h3>
<p>Precedence and associativity are independent from <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">order of evaluation</a>.
</p>
<p>The standard itself doesn't specify precedence levels. They are derived from the grammar.
</p>
<p><a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a>, <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a>, <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a>, <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a> and <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><tt>typeid</tt></a> are not included since they are never ambiguous.
</p>
<p>Some of the operators have <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">alternate spellings</a> (e.g., <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">and</span></span> for <code>&amp;&amp;</code>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">or</span></span> for <code>||</code>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">not</span></span> for <code>!</code>, etc.).
</p>
<p>Relative precedence of the conditional and assignment operators differs between C and C++: in C, assignment is not allowed on the right hand side of a conditional operator, so <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e <span class="sy1">=</span> a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> d <span class="sy4">?</span> a<span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> d</span></span> cannot be parsed. Many C compilers use a modified grammar where <code>?:</code> has higher precedence than <code>=</code>, which parses that as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> d<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> d <span class="br0">)</span></span></span> (which then fails to compile because <code>?:</code> is never lvalue in C and <code>=</code> requires lvalue on the left). In C++, <code>?:</code> and <code>=</code> have equal precedence and group right-to-left, so that <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e <span class="sy1">=</span> a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> d <span class="sy4">?</span> a<span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> d</span></span> parses as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> d<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">=</span> d<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>.
</p>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http%3A//en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span>
</h3>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7"> Common operators
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> assignment</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> increment<br>decrement</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> arithmetic</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> logical</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> comparison</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> member<br>access</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> other</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br>
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br>
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br>
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br>
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br>
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br>
~a<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br>
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br>
<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>a<br>
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>b<br>
a.<span class="me1">b</span><br>
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy2">*</span>b<br>
a.<span class="sy2">*</span>b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br>
a, b<br>
<span class="br0">(</span>type<span class="br0">)</span> a<br>
<span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="sy4">:</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="7"> Special operators
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">
<p><a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> converts one type to another compatible type <br>
<a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a> converts virtual base class to derived class<br>
<a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> converts type to compatible type with different <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv</a> qualifiers<br>
<a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a> converts type to incompatible type<br>
<a href="../memory/new/operator_new.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator new"><tt>new</tt></a> allocates memory<br>
<a href="../memory/new/operator_delete.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator delete"><tt>delete</tt></a> deallocates memory<br>
<a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><tt>sizeof</tt></a> queries the size of a type<br>
<a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><tt>sizeof...</tt></a> queries the size of a <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">parameter pack</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br>
<a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><tt>typeid</tt></a> queries the type information of a type<br>
<a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><tt>noexcept</tt></a> checks if an expression can throw an exception <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br>
<a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><tt>alignof</tt></a> queries alignment requirements of a type <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr class="t-dsc-sep">
<td colspan="2">
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see">
<span><a href="../../c/language/operator_precedence.html" title="c/language/operator precedence">C documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>C operator precedence</span></span>
</div>
</td>
</tr>

</table>

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